Induced reproduction and early development histology of Oscar Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831).

Oscar (Astronotus ocellatus) is an important fish from the Amazon Basin that has great potential for fish farming, human consumption, sport fishing and fish keeping. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of two hormonal treatments on the induction of artificial reproduction in broodstock and to describe the histological development of embryos and larvae. Broodstocks were selected and induced using two different hormones: (i) extract of carp pituitary (ECP); and (ii) synthetic human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Spawnings were transferred to hatcheries, collected at pre-established times, processed and analysed by histology. Astronotus ocellatus did not respond well to induced reproduction. From 16 couples of breeding fish, only five out of the eight females released oocytes after the hormonal action time, three with hCG and two with ECP; just one male responded positively to hCG. Oscar eggs were oval, and semi-adhesive, the yolk contained granules, and egg diameter was approximately 1.65 ± 0.057 to 1.98 ± 0.038 mm. Development from the initial collection (IC) point until the total absorption of the yolk lasted 315 h, at an average temperature of 27.45 ± 2.13°C. Several events marked embryonic and larval development, including the formation of the optic cup, forebrain, otic vesicle and cephalic divisions. The newly hatched larvae had non-pigmented eyes, and a closed mouth and anus, as well as the presence of adhesive glands on the head. Larval development was characterized by formation of the heart, liver, gaseous bladder, gills, pronephros, brain, fins and also the digestive tract. These results provide important information for the rearing and reproduction of A. ocellatus.

Prevalência de infecções urinárias em pacientes atendidos pelo sistema único de saúde e sua suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos / Prevalence of urinary infections in patients served by the national health system and their suscetibility to antibiotics

As infecções do trato urinário são comuns tanto nosocomial quanto na comunidade. As principais bactérias comumente envolvidas são bastonetes Gram-negativos ou cocos Gram- positivos. Tratamentos inadequados destas infecções agravam o problema de resistência antimicrobiana. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a frequência dos patógenos causadores de infecção urinária em pacientes atendidos em postos de saúde da região de Jaboticabal, SP, no período de janeiro a abril de 2009, bem como conhecer o perfil de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana das espécies bacterianas isoladas.Foram analisadas 84 uroculturas positivas nos meios CLED e MacConkey e, de acordo com as características morfológicas, as mesmas foram identificadas por provas bioquímicas direcionadas. As mulheres apresentaram-se mais susceptíveis às infecções do trato urinário em 88% das amostras. A Escherichia coli foi a bactéria predominante em 62% das amostras, seguida de Enterobacter sp. (9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus e Staphylococcus sp com 6% cada, Proteusmirabilis (5%), Streptococcus sp (2,4%), Staphylococcus aureus e Streptococcus do grupo D com 1,2% cada e Klebsiella oxytoca com 1%. A faixa etária de pacientes mais acometidos foi a de 13 a 40 anosc orrespondendo a 43% dos pacientes com infecção do trato urinário (ITU) atendidos.

The urinary tract infections are common in both nosocomial and community. The main bacteria commonly involved are Gram-negative or Gram-positive cocci. Inadequate treatment of these infections exacerbates the problem of antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to determine the frequency of pathogens causing urinary tract infection in patients from clinics in Jaboticabal, SP, from January to April 2009, as well as to know the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial species isolated. Eighty four urine cultures were analysed on MacConkey and CLED means and, according to the morphological characteristics, they were identified by biochemical directed. Women were more susceptible to urinary tract infections in 88% of the samples. Escherichia coli bacteria was predominant in 62% of the samples, followed by Enterobacter sp. (9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Staphylococcus spwith 6% each, Proteus mirabilis (5%), Streptococcus sp (2.4%), Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus D at 1.2% each and Klebsiella oxytoca 1%. The age group most affected patients was 13 to 40 years old, accounting for 43% of patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) treated.

Early development of Astronotus ocellatus under stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

Astronotus ocellatus, popularly known as Oscar, is a cichlid fish from the Amazon basin (Brazil) with a great potential for fish farming. The aim of this research is to describe the morphology of eggs and larvae of A. ocellatus under stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Eggs from natural spawnings were taken to hatcheries, collected at previously established time periods and then analysed. Oscar's eggs are demersal, adhesive and fragile to touch, with a slightly oval shape. The fertile eggs are yellowish in colour and when unfertilized are a white opaque colour. In the initial collection (IC), the majority of eggs were found to be at the gastrula phase with 30% epiboly. At 12 h after the IC, the formation of the embrionary axis and somites was observed, followed by differentiation of the tail and of the head. Fifteen hours after the IC, the emergence of the optic and otic vesicles, and of adhesive glands and the yolk pigmentation was observed. Larval hatching took place between 46 and 58 h after the first collection, at an average temperature of 27.45 ± 2.13°C. The larval stage was characterized by the development of the heart, fins, branchial apparatus, neuromasts, taste buds and adhesive glands on the head. Larval development to yolk absorption took a period of 257 h. These results provide important information for reproduction, rearing and preservation of A. ocellatus.

Diferentes granulometrias de rações sobre o ganho de peso, crescimento, sobrevivência e reversão sexual para tilápias-do-Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) / Different diameters of diets about weight gain, growing, survival and sex reversal to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de três diferentes granulometrias de rações fareladas (0,25, 0,35 e 0,50 mm) sobre o ganho de peso, crescimento, sobrevivência e proporção sexual para larvas de tilápia-do-Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) aos 30, 60 e 90 dias de idade. Nos primeiros 30 dias de vida, as larvas foram revertidas com rações contendo hormônio 17 α-metiltestosterona na dosagem de 60 mg/kg de ração, respeitando-se as diferentes granulometrias e após este período, foram medidas, pesadas e contadas para cálculo da taxa de sobrevivência. Para as variáveis biométricas de peso e comprimento total, foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), em parcelas subdivididas, com três tratamentos e três repetições, considerando-se parcelas as três granulometrias de ração e subparcelas as três idades. Ao término do estudo, os peixes alimentados com as granulometrias 0,35 e 0,25 mm, obtiveram os melhores resultados para o ganho de peso (14,42 g e 13,36 g) e comprimento total (83,13 mm e 82,72 mm), não diferindo estatisticamente e as rações com diâmetros de grão 0,50 e 0,35 mm resultaram em 96,66% e 93,33% de machos, respectivamente, após análise histológica das gônadas, sem diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of three different diameters of crumble diets (0.25, 0.35 and 0.50 mm) on weight gain, growing, survival and sexual proportion to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) larvae with 30, 60 and 90 days of age. In the first 30 days of age larvae were submitted to sex reversion with diets containing the hormone 17 α-methyltestosterone in a dosage of 60mg/kg of ration, respecting the different diameters and after this period, larvae were measured, weighed and counted for calculation of survival taxes. For the biometrical parameters as weight and total length a completely randomized design was used in subdivided installments with three treatments and three repetitions, considering installments the three diameters of diet and the sub installments, the three ages. In the end of this study, fish fed with diets of grain diameters 0.35 and 0.25 mm obtained the best results for weight gain (14.42 g and 13.36 g) and total length (83.13 mm and 82.72 mm), although these results were not statistically significant, and diets with grain diameters 0.50 and 0.35 mm resulted in 96,66 % and 93,33% of males, respectively, after histological analysis of gonads, without statistics differences between the treatments.

Efetividade de métodos de identificação sexual em tilápias-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) revertidas sexualmente com hormônio em ração com diferentes granulometrias / Effectiveness of methods of sexual identification in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) sexually reverted with hormone in diet with different diameters

Foram avaliados três métodos de identificação do sexo em tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), nas idades de 30, 60 e 90 dias que foram revertidas mediante a administração do hormônio androgênico 17 alfa-metiltestosterona incorporado às rações fareladas com diferentes granulometrias (0,25, 0,35 e 0,50 mm) na dosagem de 60 mg/kg de ração. As técnicas de sexagem testadas foram: exame macroscópico da papila urogenital, exame microscópico das gônadas coradas a fresco com acetato-carmim e exame microscópico das gônadas pela rotina histológica. Perante os três métodos de sexagem avaliados, a histologia das gônadas obteve o diagnóstico mais seguro. As granulometrias das rações utilizadas não interferiram nas características morfológicas das gônadas, nem nos caracteres sexuais secundários dos peixes.

Three methods of sexual identification were evaluated in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at ages of 30, 60 and 90 days that were submitted to sexual reversion under administration of androgen hormone 17 alpha-methyltestosterone added to crumble diets with different granules sizes (0.25, 0.35 and 0.50 mm) in dosage of 60mg/kg. The techniques of sexual identification employed were: a) Macroscopic examination of urogenital papilla; b) Microscopic examination of gonads through stain with carmine-acetate and c) Microscopic examination of gonads through histological routine. In the presence of three methods of sexual identification evaluated, histology of gonads has shown the most confident diagnosis. The grain diameters of rations did not interfere in morphological characteristics of gonads, neither in secondary sexual characters of fish.